AS Unit F211: Cells, Exchange and Transport - Scribbless (alpha)

state the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope;

explain the difference between magnification and resolution;

explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy;

calculate the linear magnification of an image;

describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi appa

outline the functions of the structures listed above;

outline the interrelationship between the organelles involved in the production and secretion of proteins (no detail of protein synthesis is required);

explain the importance of the cytoskeleton in providing mechanical strength to cells, aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement;

compare and contrast, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, the structure of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells;

compare and contrast, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, the structure and ultrastructure of plant cells and animal cells;

outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells;

state that plasma (cell surface) membranes are partially permeable barriers;

describe, with the aid of diagrams, the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure;

describe the roles of the components of the cell membrane: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and glycoproteins;

outline the effect of changing temperature on membrane structure and permeability;

explain the term "cell signalling";

explain the role of membrane-bound receptors as sites where hormones and drugs can bind;

explain what is meant by passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion including the role of membrane proteins), active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis;

explain what is meant by osmosis, in terms of water potential (no calculations of water potential will be required);

recognise and explain the effects that solutions of different water potentials can have upon plant and animal cells;

state that mitosis occupies only a small percentage of the cell cycle and that the remaining percentage includes the copying and checking of genetic information;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the main stages of mitosis (behaviour of the chromosomes, nuclear envelope, cell membrane and centrioles);

explain the meaning of the term "homologous pair of chromosomes";

explain the significance of mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction in plants and animals;

outline, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the process of cell division by budding in yeast;

state that cells produced as a result of meiosis are not genetically identical (details of meiosis are not required);

define the term "stem cell";

define the term "differentiation", with reference to the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and neutrophils derived from stem cells in bone marrow, and the production of xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes from cambium;

describe and explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how cells of multicellular organisms are specialised for particular functions, with reference to erythrocytes (red blood cells), neutrophils, epithelial cells, sperm cells, palisade cell

explain the meaning of the terms "tissue", "organ" and "organ system";

explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how cells are organised into tissues, using squamous and ciliated epithelia, xylem and phloem as examples;

discuss the importance of cooperation between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems;

explain, in terms of surface area:volume ratio, why multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces and single-celled organisms do not;

explain the need for transport systems in multicellular animals in terms of size, level of activity and surface area:volume ratio;

explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants in terms of size and surface area:volume ratio;

describe the features of an efficient exchange surface, with reference to diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across an alveolus;

describe the features of the mammalian lung that adapt it to efficient gaseous exchange;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the distribution of cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the mammalian gaseous exchange system;

describe the functions of cartilage, cilia, goblet cells, smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the mammalian gaseous exchange system;

outline the mechanism of breathing (inspiration and expiration) in mammals, with reference to the function of the rib cage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm;

explain the meanings of the terms "tidal volume" and "vital capacity";

describe how a spirometer can be used to measure vital capacity, tidal volume, breathing rate and oxygen uptake;

analyse and interpret data from a spirometer;

explain the meaning of the terms "single circulatory system" and "double circulatory system", with reference to the circulatory systems of fish and mammals;

explain the meaning of the terms "open circulatory system" and "closed circulatory system", with reference to the circulatory systems of insects and fish;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart;

explain, with the aid of diagrams, the differences in the thickness of the walls of the different chambers of the heart in terms of their functions;

describe the cardiac cycle, with reference to the action of the valves in the heart;

describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue;

interpret and explain electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the structures and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries;

explain the differences between blood, tissue fluid and lymph;

describe how tissue fluid is formed from plasma;

describe the role of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide;

describe and explain the significance of the dissociation curves of adult oxyhaemoglobin at different carbon dioxide levels (the Bohr effect);

explain the significance of the different affinities of fetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin for oxygen;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves of dicotyledonous plants;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the structure and function of xylem vessels, sieve tube elements and companion cells;

define the term "transpiration";

explain why transpiration is a consequence of gaseous exchange;

describe the factors that affect transpiration rate;

describe, with the aid of diagrams, how a potometer is used to estimate transpiration rates;

explain, in terms of water potential, the movement of water between plant cells, and between plant cells and their environment (no calculations involving water potential will be set);

describe, with the aid of diagrams, the pathway by which water is transported from the root cortex to the air surrounding the leaves, with reference to the Casparian strip, apoplast pathway, symplast pathway, xylem and the stomata;

explain the mechanism by which water is transported from the root cortex to the air surrounding the leaves, with reference to adhesion, cohesion and the transpiration stream;

describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how the leaves of some xerophytes are adapted to reduce water loss by transpiration;

explain translocation as an energy-requiring process transporting assimilates, especially sucrose, between sources (eg leaves) and sinks (eg roots, meristem);

describe, with the aid of diagrams, the mechanism of transport in phloem involving active loading at the source and removal at the sink, and the evidence for and against this mechanism.

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AS Unit F211: Cells, Exchange and Transport (68 items)

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